Amendment XIV

"1: All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

2: Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such State.

3: No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.

4: The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.

5: The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article."

This amendment is giant, composed of five different laws and rights passed through together. Each section guarantees another right to the American people, including the right to consider yourself an American. 
The first section defines American citizenship and guarantees citizenship to anyone born within the borders of the United States or one of its territories. It also protects American citizens against the Federal government redefining what a citizen is or what rights they are guaranteed.
The second section defines how the House of Representatives gets its numbers as well as setting the voting age to 21.
The third section states that no one shall serve in an offie of the government if they had committed any sort of serious crime or treason.
The fourth section relates to the idea of due process within the United States.
The fifth and final just grants Congress power to enforce aspects of this amendment.

This cartoon illustrates that despite the rights under the 14th amendment being called equal protection, that equal protection can be used to protect things in a very unequal manner. In this case, a judge is using these protections to shield corporations from the rain while the citizens stand in the rain without any protection.

This cartoon directly relates to the first section of this amendment and calls out the idea of an anchor baby, which is a child born in the United States by a noncitizen mother, effectively allowing the mother to remain in the United States with her child. Certain political parties, perhaps those represented by an elephant as shown in this cartoon, disagree with that and claim that they have the right to choose who can become a citizen of their country.